The controversies trace back to a 2025 executive order by President Trump aimed at restoring what the administration described as truthful portrayals of American history.

The hearing followed a July 4 White House Domestic Policy Council report that accused the museum of shifting from historical education to activism.

The 162-page document, titled "Saving America's Story," claimed the institution promotes a framework focused on oppressors and the oppressed rather than celebrating America's achievements. It specifically named the museum's Director, Anthea Hartig, citing her past statements, including a remark that "loving America is very complicated" and her description of history as a "prime tool of social justice."

Hartig now faces increased scrutiny after a UCLA presentation she held showed her describing history as “a prime tool of social justice.”

During the testimony, Republicans pressed Hartig on exhibits and programming.

Rep. Nancy Mace questioned her on gender-related displays, including an exhibit called "Girlhood" that addressed gender identity.

Hartig declined to give a definitive answer on whether men could become women. Other lawmakers highlighted the museum's emphasis on race, sexuality, and colonialism in recent years.

Hartig maintained that the museum operates as a nonpartisan institution committed to scholarship, accuracy, and independence. She rejected characterizations of bias and noted the museum's collections and programs reflect established historical standards.

According to Hartig’s Smithsonian bio page, she remains the first woman to lead the museum, overseeing a collection of 1.7 million objects. She officially began her tenure on February 18, 2019.