India’s total fertility rate fell to 1.9 children per woman in 2024, dropping below the replacement level of 2.1 for the fifth consecutive year, according to the Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2024 released by India’s Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner.

The decline marks a major shift in India’s long-term demographic trajectory. Fertility has fallen alongside urbanization, increased educational opportunities for women, greater access to contraception, and changing family preferences. The country’s crude birth rate also declined to 18.3 births per 1,000 people in 2024, while infant mortality fell to 24 deaths per 1,000 live births.

The national figure masks significant regional differences. Bihar recorded the highest fertility rate at 2.9, followed by Uttar Pradesh at 2.6. At the other end of the spectrum, Delhi recorded 1.2, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu each recorded 1.3. Only six states remained above the replacement level in 2024.

India remains the world’s most populous country, and its population is expected to continue growing for years because of its relatively young population. The working-age population between 15 and 59 accounted for 66.4 percent of the population in 2024, while those 60 and older represented only 9.7 percent.

The changing age structure could eventually create new pressures on India’s workforce, pension systems, and elder care as the country moves from decades of rapid population growth toward slower growth and population aging.